The GF Resource Grammar Library is the standard library for Grammatical Framework. It covers the morphology and basic syntax of currently 22 languages.
This document contains the most important parts of the GF Resource Grammar API, as needed by a GF application programmer. It has been machine-generated from the source files; there are links to the relevant source files, which give more information. Some of the files have not yet been prepared so that the machine generated documentation has the nicest possible format.
The main contents are:
gf command editor.
Other relevant documents:
Many examples in Chapter 2 can be seen in multiple languages by hovering the mouse over the example, as shown in the following screenshot:
Source 1: ../src/abstract/Common.gf
Source 2: ../src/abstract/Cat.gf
The chart below shows the categories in a hierarchical top-down order. The edges do not define the complete dependency structure; if they did, the graph would have many many more edges, and also many cycles. The precise meaning of a directed edge from C to D is: there is a constructor of C that takes D as an argument. What the constructors exactly are, and what other arguments they take, is described by separate tables for each category.
![]() |
The rectangular boxes mark open lexical categories, which have constructors
also in the Paradigms modules.
| Category | Explanation | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | one-place adjective | warm | |
| A2 | two-place adjective | divisible | |
| AP | adjectival phrase | very warm | |
| AdA | adjective-modifying adverb | very | |
| AdN | numeral-modifying adverb | more than | |
| AdV | adverb directly attached to verb | always | |
| Adv | verb-phrase-modifying adverb | in the house | |
| Ant | anteriority | simultaneous, anterior | |
| CAdv | comparative adverb | more | |
| CN | common noun (without determiner) | red house | |
| Card | cardinal number | seven | |
| Cl | declarative clause, with all tenses | she looks at this | |
| Comp | complement of copula, such as AP | very warm | |
| Conj | conjunction | and | |
| Det | determiner phrase | those seven | |
| Digits | cardinal or ordinal in digits | 1,000/1,000th | |
| IAdv | interrogative adverb | why | |
| IComp | interrogative complement of copula | where | |
| IDet | interrogative determiner | how many | |
| IP | interrogative pronoun | who | |
| Imp | imperative | look at this | |
| Interj | interjection | alas | |
| N | common noun | house | |
| N2 | relational noun | son | |
| N3 | three-place relational noun | connection | |
| NP | noun phrase (subject or object) | the red house | |
| Num | number determining element | seven | |
| Numeral | cardinal or ordinal in words | five/fifth | |
| Ord | ordinal number (used in Det) | seventh | |
| PConj | phrase-beginning conjunction | therefore | |
| PN | proper name | Paris | |
| Phr | phrase in a text | but be quiet please | |
| Pol | polarity | positive, negative | |
| Predet | predeterminer (prefixed Quant) | all | |
| Prep | preposition, or just case | in | |
| Pron | personal pronoun | she | |
| QCl | question clause, with all tenses | why does she walk | |
| QS | question | where did she live | |
| Quant | quantifier ('nucleus' of Det) | this/these | |
| RCl | relative clause, with all tenses | in which she lives | |
| RP | relative pronoun | in which | |
| RS | relative | in which she lived | |
| S | declarative sentence | she lived here | |
| SC | embedded sentence or question | that it rains | |
| Subj | subjunction | if | |
| Temp | temporal and aspectual features | past anterior | |
| Tense | tense | present, past, future | |
| Text | text consisting of several phrases | He is here. Why? | |
| Utt | sentence, question, word... | be quiet | |
| V | one-place verb | sleep | |
| V2 | two-place verb | love | |
| V2A | verb with NP and AP complement | paint | |
| V2Q | verb with NP and Q complement | ask | |
| V2S | verb with NP and S complement | tell | |
| V2V | verb with NP and V complement | cause | |
| V3 | three-place verb | show | |
| VA | adjective-complement verb | look | |
| VP | verb phrase | is very warm | |
| VPSlash | verb phrase missing complement | give to John | |
| VQ | question-complement verb | wonder | |
| VS | sentence-complement verb | claim | |
| VV | verb-phrase-complement verb | want | |
| Voc | vocative or "please" | my darling | |
Source 1: ../src/api/Constructors.gf
Source 2: ../src/abstract/Structural.gf
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
comparAP |
A -> AP |
warmer
|
|
mkAP |
A -> AP |
warm
|
|
mkAP |
A -> NP -> AP |
warmer than Paris
|
|
mkAP |
A2 -> NP -> AP |
married to her
|
|
mkAP |
A2 -> AP |
married
|
|
mkAP |
AP -> S -> AP |
it is good that she sleeps
|
|
mkAP |
AP -> QS -> AP |
it is uncertain who sleeps
|
|
mkAP |
AP -> VP -> AP |
she is ready to sleep
|
|
mkAP |
AP -> SC -> AP |
she is ready to sleep
|
|
mkAP |
AdA -> A -> AP |
very old
|
|
mkAP |
AdA -> AP -> AP |
very very old
|
|
mkAP |
Conj -> AP -> AP -> AP |
old or young
|
|
mkAP |
Conj -> ListAP -> AP |
old , big and warm
|
|
mkAP |
Ord -> AP |
oldest
|
|
mkAP |
CAdv -> AP -> NP -> AP |
as old as she
|
|
reflAP |
A2 -> AP |
married to itself
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
almost_AdA |
AdA | almost red
|
|
quite_Adv |
AdA | quite
|
|
so_AdA |
AdA | so
|
|
too_AdA |
AdA | too
|
|
very_AdA |
AdA | very
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
almost_AdN |
AdN | almost eight
|
|
at_least_AdN |
AdN | at least eight
|
|
at_most_AdN |
AdN | at most eight
|
|
mkAdN |
CAdv -> AdN |
more than eight
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
always_AdV |
AdV | always
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
everywhere_Adv |
Adv | everywhere
|
|
here7from_Adv |
Adv | from here
|
|
here7to_Adv |
Adv | to here
|
|
here_Adv |
Adv | here
|
|
mkAdv |
A -> Adv |
warmly
|
|
mkAdv |
Prep -> NP -> Adv |
in the house
|
|
mkAdv |
Subj -> S -> Adv |
when she sleeps
|
|
mkAdv |
CAdv -> A -> NP -> Adv |
more warmly than he
|
|
mkAdv |
CAdv -> A -> S -> Adv |
more warmly than he runs
|
|
mkAdv |
AdA -> Adv -> Adv |
very warmly
|
|
mkAdv |
Conj -> Adv -> Adv -> Adv |
here and now
|
|
mkAdv |
Conj -> ListAdv -> Adv |
with her , here and now
|
|
somewhere_Adv |
Adv | somewhere
|
|
there7from_Adv |
Adv | from there
|
|
there7to_Adv |
Adv | there
|
|
there_Adv |
Adv | there
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
anteriorAnt |
Ant | she has slept
|
|
simultaneousAnt |
Ant | she sleeps
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
as_CAdv |
CAdv | as
|
|
less_CAdv |
CAdv | less
|
|
more_CAdv |
CAdv | more
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkCN |
N -> CN |
house
|
|
mkCN |
N2 -> NP -> CN |
mother of the king
|
|
mkCN |
N3 -> NP -> NP -> CN |
distance from this city to Paris
|
|
mkCN |
N2 -> CN |
mother
|
|
mkCN |
N3 -> CN |
distance
|
|
mkCN |
A -> N -> CN |
big house
|
|
mkCN |
A -> CN -> CN |
big blue house
|
|
mkCN |
AP -> N -> CN |
very big house
|
|
mkCN |
AP -> CN -> CN |
very big blue house
|
|
mkCN |
N -> RS -> CN |
man whom she loves
|
|
mkCN |
CN -> RS -> CN |
old man whom she loves
|
|
mkCN |
N -> Adv -> CN |
house on the hill
|
|
mkCN |
CN -> Adv -> CN |
big house on the hill
|
|
mkCN |
CN -> S -> CN |
almost five
|
|
mkCN |
CN -> QS -> CN |
almost five
|
|
mkCN |
CN -> VP -> CN |
reason to sleep
|
|
mkCN |
CN -> SC -> CN |
reason to sleep
|
|
mkCN |
N -> NP -> CN |
king John
|
|
mkCN |
CN -> NP -> CN |
old king John
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkCard |
Str -> Card |
thirty-five (given as "35"; range 1-999) | |
mkCard |
Numeral -> Card |
seven
|
|
mkCard |
Digits -> Card |
51 | |
mkCard |
AdN -> Card -> Card |
almost fifty | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
genericCl |
VP -> Cl |
one sleeps
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> V -> Cl |
she sleeps
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2 -> NP -> Cl |
she loves him
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> V3 -> NP -> NP -> Cl |
she sends it to him
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> VV -> VP -> Cl |
she wants to sleep
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> VS -> S -> Cl |
she says that I sleep
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> VQ -> QS -> Cl |
she wonders who sleeps
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> VA -> A -> Cl |
she becomes old
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> VA -> AP -> Cl |
she becomes very old
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2A -> NP -> A -> Cl |
she paints it red
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2A -> NP -> AP -> Cl |
she paints it red
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2S -> NP -> S -> Cl |
she answers to him that we sleep
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS -> Cl |
she asks him who sleeps
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2V -> NP -> VP -> Cl |
she begs him to sleep
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> A -> Cl |
she is old
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> A -> NP -> Cl |
she is older than he
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> A2 -> NP -> Cl |
she is married to him
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> AP -> Cl |
she is very old
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> NP -> Cl |
she is the woman
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> N -> Cl |
she is a woman
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> CN -> Cl |
she is an old woman
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> Adv -> Cl |
she is here
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> VP -> Cl |
she always sleeps
|
|
mkCl |
N -> Cl |
there is a house
|
|
mkCl |
CN -> Cl |
there is an old house | |
mkCl |
NP -> Cl |
there are many houses
|
|
mkCl |
NP -> RS -> Cl |
it is she who sleeps
|
|
mkCl |
Adv -> S -> Cl |
it is here that she sleeps
|
|
mkCl |
V -> Cl |
it rains
|
|
mkCl |
VP -> Cl |
it is raining
|
|
mkCl |
SC -> VP -> Cl |
that she sleeps is good
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkClSlash |
NP -> VPSlash -> ClSlash |
whom does she see
|
|
mkClSlash |
NP -> V2 -> ClSlash |
whom does she see
|
|
mkClSlash |
NP -> VV -> V2 -> ClSlash |
whom does she want to see
|
|
mkClSlash |
Cl -> Prep -> ClSlash |
with whom does she sleep
|
|
mkClSlash |
ClSlash -> Adv -> ClSlash |
whom does she see today
|
|
mkClSlash |
NP -> VS -> SSlash -> ClSlash |
whom does she know that we hadn't seen
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkComp |
AP -> Comp |
old
|
|
mkComp |
NP -> Comp |
this man
|
|
mkComp |
Adv -> Comp |
here
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
and_Conj |
Conj | here and now
|
|
both7and_DConj |
Conj | both here and there
|
|
either7or_DConj |
Conj | either here or there
|
|
if_then_Conj |
Conj | if here then there
|
|
or_Conj |
Conj | here or there
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
aPl_Det |
Det | women
|
|
aSg_Det |
Det | a woman
|
|
a_Det |
Det | a house
|
|
every_Det |
Det | every woman
|
|
few_Det |
Det | few women
|
|
many_Det |
Det | many houses
|
|
mkDet |
Quant -> Det |
this
|
|
mkDet |
Quant -> Card -> Det |
these five
|
|
mkDet |
Quant -> Ord -> Det |
the fifth
|
|
mkDet |
Quant -> Num -> Ord -> Det |
the five best
|
|
mkDet |
Quant -> Num -> Det |
these
|
|
mkDet |
Card -> Det |
five
|
|
mkDet |
Digits -> Det |
51 | |
mkDet |
Numeral -> Det |
five | |
mkDet |
Pron -> Det |
my | |
mkDet |
Pron -> Num -> Det |
my five
|
|
much_Det |
Det | much wine
|
|
somePl_Det |
Det | some women
|
|
someSg_Det |
Det | some wine
|
|
that_Det |
Det | that woman
|
|
thePl_Det |
Det | the houses
|
|
theSg_Det |
Det | the house
|
|
the_Det |
Det | the house
|
|
these_Det |
Det | these women
|
|
this_Det |
Det | this woman
|
|
those_Det |
Det | those women
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
n0_Dig |
Dig | 0 | |
n1_Dig |
Dig | 1 | |
n2_Dig |
Dig | 2 | |
n3_Dig |
Dig | 3 | |
n4_Dig |
Dig | 4 | |
n5_Dig |
Dig | 5 | |
n6_Dig |
Dig | 6 | |
n7_Dig |
Dig | 7 | |
n8_Dig |
Dig | 8 | |
n9_Dig |
Dig | 9 | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkDigits |
Str -> Digits |
35 (from string "35"; ; range 1-9999999) | |
mkDigits |
Dig -> Digits |
4
|
|
mkDigits |
Dig -> Digits -> Digits |
1 , 2 3 3 , 4 8 6
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
how8much_IAdv |
IAdv | how much
|
|
how_IAdv |
IAdv | how
|
|
mkIAdv |
Prep -> IP -> IAdv |
in which city
|
|
mkIAdv |
IAdv -> Adv -> IAdv |
where in Paris
|
|
when_IAdv |
IAdv | when
|
|
where_IAdv |
IAdv | where
|
|
why_IAdv |
IAdv | why
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkIComp |
IAdv -> IComp |
where (is it) | |
mkIComp |
IP -> IComp |
who (is it) | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
how8many_IDet |
IDet | how many houses
|
|
mkIDet |
IQuant -> Num -> IDet |
which houses
|
|
mkIDet |
IQuant -> IDet |
which house
|
|
whichPl_IDet |
IDet | which houses
|
|
which_IDet |
IDet | which house
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkIP |
IDet -> CN -> IP |
which five big cities
|
|
mkIP |
IDet -> N -> IP |
which five cities
|
|
mkIP |
IDet -> IP |
which five
|
|
mkIP |
IQuant -> CN -> IP |
which big city
|
|
mkIP |
IQuant -> Num -> CN -> IP |
which five big cities
|
|
mkIP |
IQuant -> N -> IP |
which city
|
|
mkIP |
IP -> Adv -> IP |
who in Paris
|
|
whatPl_IP |
IP | what
|
|
whatSg_IP |
IP | what
|
|
what_IP |
IP | what
|
|
whoPl_IP |
IP | who
|
|
whoSg_IP |
IP | who
|
|
who_IP |
IP | who
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
which_IQuant |
IQuant | which house
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkImp |
VP -> Imp |
come to my house
|
|
mkImp |
V -> Imp |
come
|
|
mkImp |
V2 -> NP -> Imp |
buy it
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
pluralImpForm |
ImpForm | be men
|
|
politeImpForm |
ImpForm | be a man
|
|
singularImpForm |
ImpForm | be a man
|
|
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkListAP |
AP -> AP -> ListAP |
list of two | |
mkListAP |
AP -> ListAP -> ListAP |
list of more | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkListAdv |
Adv -> Adv -> ListAdv |
list of two | |
mkListAdv |
Adv -> ListAdv -> ListAdv |
list of more | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkListNP |
NP -> NP -> ListNP |
list of two | |
mkListNP |
NP -> ListNP -> ListNP |
list of more | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkListRS |
RS -> RS -> ListRS |
list of two | |
mkListRS |
RS -> ListRS -> ListRS |
list of more | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkListS |
S -> S -> ListS |
list of two | |
mkListS |
S -> ListS -> ListS |
list of more | |
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
everybody_NP |
NP | everybody
|
|
everything_NP |
NP | everything
|
|
he_NP |
NP | he
|
|
i_NP |
NP | I
|
|
it_NP |
NP | it
|
|
mkNP |
Quant -> N -> NP |
this man
|
|
mkNP |
Quant -> CN -> NP |
this old man
|
|
mkNP |
Quant -> Num -> CN -> NP |
these five old men
|
|
mkNP |
Quant -> Num -> N -> NP |
these five men
|
|
mkNP |
Det -> CN -> NP |
the five old men
|
|
mkNP |
Det -> N -> NP |
the five men
|
|
mkNP |
Numeral -> CN -> NP |
fifty old men
|
|
mkNP |
Numeral -> N -> NP |
fifty men
|
|
mkNP |
Digits -> CN -> NP |
5 1 old men
|
|
mkNP |
Digits -> N -> NP |
5 1 men
|
|
mkNP |
Card -> CN -> NP |
forty-five old men | |
mkNP |
Card -> N -> NP |
forty-five men | |
mkNP |
Pron -> CN -> NP |
my old man
|
|
mkNP |
Pron -> N -> NP |
my man
|
|
mkNP |
PN -> NP |
Paris
|
|
mkNP |
Pron -> NP |
we
|
|
mkNP |
Quant -> NP |
this
|
|
mkNP |
Quant -> Num -> NP |
these five
|
|
mkNP |
Det -> NP |
the five best
|
|
mkNP |
CN -> NP |
old beer
|
|
mkNP |
N -> NP |
beer
|
|
mkNP |
Predet -> NP -> NP |
only this woman
|
|
mkNP |
NP -> V2 -> NP |
the man seen
|
|
mkNP |
NP -> Adv -> NP |
Paris today
|
|
mkNP |
NP -> RS -> NP |
John , who walks
|
|
mkNP |
Conj -> NP -> NP -> NP |
this woman or John
|
|
mkNP |
Conj -> ListNP -> NP |
this woman , John or I
|
|
nobody_NP |
NP | nobody
|
|
nothing_NP |
NP | nothing
|
|
she_NP |
NP | she
|
|
somebody_NP |
NP | somebody
|
|
something_NP |
NP | something
|
|
that_NP |
NP | that
|
|
these_NP |
NP | these
|
|
they_NP |
NP | they
|
|
this_NP |
NP | this
|
|
those_NP |
NP | those
|
|
we_NP |
NP | we
|
|
youPl_NP |
NP | you
|
|
youPol_NP |
NP | you
|
|
you_NP |
NP | you
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkNum |
Str -> Num |
thirty-five (given by "35"; range 1-999) | |
mkNum |
Numeral -> Num |
twenty
|
|
mkNum |
Digits -> Num |
2 1
|
|
mkNum |
Digit -> Num |
five | |
mkNum |
Card -> Num |
almost five
|
|
mkNum |
AdN -> Card -> Num |
almost five
|
|
pluralNum |
Num | plural | |
singularNum |
Num | singular | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkNumeral |
Unit -> Numeral |
eight (coerce 1..9) | |
mkNumeral |
Sub100 -> Numeral |
twenty-five (coerce 1..99) | |
mkNumeral |
Sub1000 -> Numeral |
nine hundred and ninety - nine
|
|
mkNumeral |
Sub1000 -> Sub1000 -> Numeral |
nine hundred and ninety - nine thousand nine hundred and ninety - nine
|
|
mkNumeral |
Str -> Numeral |
thirty-five (given by "35"; range 1-999) | |
thousandfoldNumeral |
Sub1000 -> Numeral |
nine hundred and ninety - nine thousand
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkOrd |
Numeral -> Ord |
twentieth | |
mkOrd |
Digits -> Ord |
51st | |
mkOrd |
Digit -> Ord |
fifth | |
mkOrd |
A -> Ord |
smallest
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
but_PConj |
PConj | but
|
|
mkPConj |
Conj -> PConj |
and now
|
|
otherwise_PConj |
PConj | otherwise
|
|
therefore_PConj |
PConj | therefore
|
|
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkPhr |
(PConj) -> Utt -> (Voc) -> Phr |
but sleep , my friend
|
|
mkPhr |
S -> Phr |
she won't sleep
|
|
mkPhr |
Cl -> Phr |
she sleeps
|
|
mkPhr |
QS -> Phr |
would she sleep
|
|
mkPhr |
Imp -> Phr |
sleep
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
negativePol |
Pol | she doesn't sleep
|
|
positivePol |
Pol | she sleeps
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
all_Predet |
Predet | all the men
|
|
most_Predet |
Predet | most
|
|
not_Predet |
Predet | not everybody
|
|
only_Predet |
Predet | only
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
above_Prep |
Prep | above it
|
|
after_Prep |
Prep | after it
|
|
before_Prep |
Prep | before it
|
|
behind_Prep |
Prep | behind it
|
|
between_Prep |
Prep | between you and me
|
|
by8agent_Prep |
Prep | by it
|
|
by8means_Prep |
Prep | by it
|
|
during_Prep |
Prep | during it
|
|
except_Prep |
Prep | except it
|
|
for_Prep |
Prep | for it
|
|
from_Prep |
Prep | from it
|
|
in8front_Prep |
Prep | in front of it
|
|
in_Prep |
Prep | in it
|
|
on_Prep |
Prep | on it
|
|
part_Prep |
Prep | of it
|
|
possess_Prep |
Prep | of it
|
|
through_Prep |
Prep | through it
|
|
to_Prep |
Prep | to it
|
|
under_Prep |
Prep | under it
|
|
with_Prep |
Prep | with it
|
|
without_Prep |
Prep | without it
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
he_Pron |
Pron | he
|
|
i_Pron |
Pron | I
|
|
it_Pron |
Pron | it
|
|
she_Pron |
Pron | she
|
|
they_Pron |
Pron | they
|
|
we_Pron |
Pron | we
|
|
youPl_Pron |
Pron | you
|
|
youPol_Pron |
Pron | you
|
|
youSg_Pron |
Pron | you
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
exclMarkPunct |
Punct | yes !
|
|
fullStopPunct |
Punct | yes .
|
|
questMarkPunct |
Punct | yes ?
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkQCl |
Cl -> QCl |
does she sleep
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VP -> QCl |
who always sleeps
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V -> QCl |
who sleeps
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2 -> NP -> QCl |
who loves her
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V3 -> NP -> NP -> QCl |
who sends it to her
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VV -> VP -> QCl |
who wants to sleep
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VS -> S -> QCl |
who says that I sleep
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VQ -> QS -> QCl |
who wonders who sleeps
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VA -> A -> QCl |
who becomes old
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VA -> AP -> QCl |
who becomes very old
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2A -> NP -> A -> QCl |
who paints it red
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2A -> NP -> AP -> QCl |
who paints it very red
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2S -> NP -> S -> QCl |
who answers to him that we sleep
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS -> QCl |
who asks him who sleeps
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2V -> NP -> VP -> QCl |
who begs him to sleep
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> A -> QCl |
who is old
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> A -> NP -> QCl |
who is older than he
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> A2 -> NP -> QCl |
who is married to him
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> AP -> QCl |
who is very old
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> NP -> QCl |
who is the woman
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> N -> QCl |
who is a woman
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> CN -> QCl |
who is an old woman
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> Adv -> QCl |
who is here
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> NP -> V2 -> QCl |
who is her
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> ClSlash -> QCl |
whom does she love today
|
|
mkQCl |
IAdv -> Cl -> QCl |
why does she sleep
|
|
mkQCl |
Prep -> IP -> Cl -> QCl |
with whom does she sleep
|
|
mkQCl |
IAdv -> NP -> QCl |
where is she
|
|
mkQCl |
IComp -> NP -> QCl |
who is this man
|
|
mkQCl |
IP -> QCl |
which city is there
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkQS |
(Tense) -> (Ant) -> (Pol) -> QCl -> QS |
who wouldn't have slept
|
|
mkQS |
Cl -> QS |
does she sleep
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
a_Quant |
Quant | a house
|
|
mkQuant |
Pron -> Quant |
my house
|
|
no_Quant |
Quant | no house
|
|
that_Quant |
Quant | that house
|
|
the_Quant |
Quant | the house
|
|
this_Quant |
Quant | this house
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkRCl |
RP -> VP -> RCl |
woman who always sleeps
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V -> RCl |
woman who sleeps
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2 -> NP -> RCl |
woman who loves him
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V3 -> NP -> NP -> RCl |
woman who sends it to him
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> VV -> VP -> RCl |
woman who wants to sleep
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> VS -> S -> RCl |
woman who says that I sleep
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> VQ -> QS -> RCl |
woman who wonders who sleeps
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> VA -> A -> RCl |
woman who becomes old
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> VA -> AP -> RCl |
woman who becomes very old
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2A -> NP -> A -> RCl |
woman who paints it red
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2A -> NP -> AP -> RCl |
woman who paints it very red
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2S -> NP -> S -> RCl |
woman who answers to him that we sleep
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS -> RCl |
woman who asks him who sleeps
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2V -> NP -> VP -> RCl |
woman who begs him to sleep
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> A -> RCl |
woman who is old
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> A -> NP -> RCl |
woman who is older than he
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> A2 -> NP -> RCl |
woman who is married to him
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> AP -> RCl |
woman who is very old
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> NP -> RCl |
woman who is the woman
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> N -> RCl |
student who is a woman
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> CN -> RCl |
student who is an old woman
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> Adv -> RCl |
woman who is here
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> NP -> V2 -> RCl |
woman whom we love
|
|
mkRCl |
RP -> ClSlash -> RCl |
woman whom she loves today
|
|
mkRCl |
Cl -> RCl |
such that she loves him | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkRP |
Prep -> NP -> RP -> RP |
all the cities in whom
|
|
which_RP |
RP | which/who | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkRS |
(Tense) -> (Ant) -> (Pol) -> RCl -> RS |
woman who wouldn't have slept
|
|
mkRS |
Temp -> (Pol) -> RCl -> RS |
that wouldn't have slept | |
mkRS |
Conj -> RS -> RS -> RS |
woman who sleeps or whom we love
|
|
mkRS |
Conj -> ListRS -> RS |
who sleeps, whom I see and who sleeps | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkS |
(Tense) -> (Ant) -> (Pol) -> Cl -> S |
she wouldn't have slept
|
|
mkS |
Temp -> Pol -> Cl -> S |
she wouldn't have slept | |
mkS |
Conj -> S -> S -> S |
she sleeps and I run
|
|
mkS |
Conj -> ListS -> S |
she sleeps , I run and you walk
|
|
mkS |
Adv -> S -> S |
today she sleeps
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkSC |
S -> SC |
that she sleeps
|
|
mkSC |
QS -> SC |
who sleeps
|
|
mkSC |
VP -> SC |
to sleep
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkSSlash |
Temp -> Pol -> ClSlash -> SSlash |
she hadn't seen
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkSub100 |
Unit -> Sub100 |
eight
|
|
mkSub100 |
Unit -> Unit -> Sub100 |
eighty - three
|
|
tenfoldSub100 |
Unit -> Sub100 |
eight
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkSub1000 |
Sub100 -> Sub1000 |
ninety - nine
|
|
mkSub1000 |
Unit -> Sub1000 |
nine hundred
|
|
mkSub1000 |
Unit -> Sub100 -> Sub1000 |
nine hundred and ninety - nine
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
although_Subj |
Subj | although she sleeps
|
|
because_Subj |
Subj | because she sleeps
|
|
if_Subj |
Subj | if she sleeps
|
|
that_Subj |
Subj | that she sleeps
|
|
when_Subj |
Subj | when she sleeps
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkTemp |
Tense -> Ant -> Temp |
e.g. past + anterior | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
conditionalTense |
Tense | she would sleep
|
|
futureTense |
Tense | she will sleep
|
|
pastTense |
Tense | she slept
|
|
presentTense |
Tense | she sleeps
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
emptyText |
Text | (empty text) | |
mkText |
Phr -> (Punct) -> (Text) -> Text |
does she sleep ? yes .
|
|
mkText |
Utt -> Text |
yes .
|
|
mkText |
S -> Text |
she slept .
|
|
mkText |
Cl -> Text |
she sleeps .
|
|
mkText |
QS -> Text |
did she sleep ?
|
|
mkText |
(Pol) -> Imp -> Text |
don't sleep !
|
|
mkText |
Text -> Text -> Text |
where ? here . when ? now !
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
n1_Unit |
Unit | one
|
|
n2_Unit |
Unit | two
|
|
n3_Unit |
Unit | three
|
|
n4_Unit |
Unit | four
|
|
n5_Unit |
Unit | five
|
|
n6_Unit |
Unit | six
|
|
n7_Unit |
Unit | seven
|
|
n8_Unit |
Unit | eight
|
|
n9_Unit |
Unit | nine
|
|
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
lets_Utt |
VP -> Utt |
let's sleep
|
|
mkUtt |
S -> Utt |
she slept
|
|
mkUtt |
Cl -> Utt |
she sleeps
|
|
mkUtt |
QS -> Utt |
who didn't sleep
|
|
mkUtt |
QCl -> Utt |
who sleeps
|
|
mkUtt |
(ImpForm) -> (Pol) -> Imp -> Utt |
don't be men
|
|
mkUtt |
IP -> Utt |
who
|
|
mkUtt |
IAdv -> Utt |
why
|
|
mkUtt |
NP -> Utt |
this man
|
|
mkUtt |
Adv -> Utt |
here
|
|
mkUtt |
VP -> Utt |
to sleep
|
|
mkUtt |
CN -> Utt |
beer
|
|
mkUtt |
AP -> Utt |
good
|
|
mkUtt |
Card -> Utt |
five
|
|
no_Utt |
Utt | no
|
|
yes_Utt |
Utt | yes
|
|
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
have_V2 |
V2 | to have it
|
|
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
have_V3 |
V3 | //have// | |
==V3;==[V3;]
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
have_not_V3 |
V3; |
//have// | |
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkVP |
V -> VP |
to sleep
|
|
mkVP |
V2 -> NP -> VP |
to love him
|
|
mkVP |
V3 -> NP -> NP -> VP |
to send it to him
|
|
mkVP |
VV -> VP -> VP |
to want to sleep
|
|
mkVP |
VS -> S -> VP |
to know that she sleeps
|
|
mkVP |
VQ -> QS -> VP |
to wonder who sleeps
|
|
mkVP |
VA -> AP -> VP |
to become red
|
|
mkVP |
V2A -> NP -> AP -> VP |
to paint it red
|
|
mkVP |
V2S -> NP -> S -> VP |
to answer to him that she sleeps
|
|
mkVP |
V2Q -> NP -> QS -> VP |
to ask him who sleeps
|
|
mkVP |
V2V -> NP -> VP -> VP |
to beg him to sleep
|
|
mkVP |
A -> VP |
to be old
|
|
mkVP |
A -> NP -> VP |
to be older than he
|
|
mkVP |
A2 -> NP -> VP |
to be married to him
|
|
mkVP |
AP -> VP |
to be very old
|
|
mkVP |
N -> VP |
to be a woman
|
|
mkVP |
CN -> VP |
to be an old woman
|
|
mkVP |
NP -> VP |
to be the woman
|
|
mkVP |
Adv -> VP |
to be here
|
|
mkVP |
VP -> Adv -> VP |
to sleep here
|
|
mkVP |
AdV -> VP -> VP |
always to sleep
|
|
mkVP |
VPSlash -> NP -> VP |
to paint it black
|
|
mkVP |
VPSlash -> VP |
to paint itself black
|
|
mkVP |
Comp -> VP |
to be warm
|
|
passiveVP |
V2 -> VP |
to be loved
|
|
passiveVP |
V2 -> NP -> VP |
to be loved by her
|
|
progressiveVP |
VP -> VP |
to be sleeping
|
|
reflexiveVP |
V2 -> VP |
to love itself
|
|
reflexiveVP |
VPSlash -> VP |
paint itself black | |
| Function | Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
mkVPSlash |
V2 -> VPSlash |
whom does she see
|
|
mkVPSlash |
V3 -> NP -> VPSlash |
to whom does she send it
|
|
mkVPSlash |
V2A -> AP -> VPSlash |
whom does she paint red
|
|
mkVPSlash |
V2Q -> QS -> VPSlash |
whom does she ask where I sleep
| |