GF Resource Grammar Library: Synopsis
Introduction
The GF Resource Grammar Library is the standard library for Grammatical Framework. It covers the morphology and basic syntax of currently 38 languages: Afrikaans, Arabic, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (simplified), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Basque, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Latvian, Maltese, Mongolian, Nepali, Norwegian (nynorsk), Norwegian (bokmål), Persian, Punjabi, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Sindhi, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Urdu.
This document contains the most important parts of the GF Resource Grammar API, as needed by a GF application programmer. It has been machine-generated from the source files; there are links to the relevant source files, which give more information. Some of the files have not yet been prepared so that the machine generated documentation has the nicest possible format.
The main contents are:
- Chapter 1: categories, with links to the functions for constructing trees in them.
- Chapter 2: syntactic construction functions, with cross-links and examples.
- Chapter 3: morphological (lexical) paradigms.
- Chapter 4: additional libraries.
- Chapter 5: how to "browse" the library by loading the grammars into the
gfcommand editor. - Chapter 6: a brief example of how application grammars can use the resource modules.
- Detailed table of contents.
The RGL Browser tool allows you to interactively browse through the library, view all functions in a module's scope, and quickly jump to their definitions.
Other relevant documents:
- The RGL Status Document: the current status of different languages and the authors of each grammar
- The Resource Grammar Library coverage map
- RGL Documentation and Publications: links to publications and other documentation
- More modules: extra modules, dictionaries, and the internals of the resource grammar
- Internal abstract syntax: synopsis of internal abstract functions and their Universal Dependency labels
- Minibar: find resource grammar expressions by parsing (select Grammar: LibraryBrowser) or test translations between all languages (select Grammar: ResourceDemo)
- Resource Grammar Tutorial, as previously presented in LREC-2010.
- Paper "The GF Resource Grammar Library" by A. Ranta (Linguistic Issues in Language Technology, 2 (2), 2009). An overview of the library with linguistic motivations. PDF
- Paper "Grammars as Software Libraries" by A. Ranta (In Y. Bertot, G. Huet, J-J. Lévy, and G. Plotkin (eds.), From Semantics to Computer Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 281--308, 2009). The library from a software engineering point of view. PDF
Categories
Source 1: ../../src/abstract/Common.gf
Source 2: ../../src/abstract/Cat.gf
A hierarchic view
The chart below shows the categories in a hierarchical top-down order. The edges do not define the complete dependency structure; if they did, the graph would have many many more edges, and also many cycles. The precise meaning of a directed edge from C to D is: there is a constructor of C that takes D as an argument. What the constructors exactly are, and what other arguments they take, is described by separate tables for each category.
The rectangular boxes mark open lexical categories, which have constructors also in the Paradigms modules.
Explanations
| Category | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| A | one-place adjective | warm |
| A2 | two-place adjective | divisible |
| ACard | adjective like cardinal | few", "many |
| AP | adjectival phrase | very warm |
| AdA | adjective-modifying adverb | very |
| AdN | numeral-modifying adverb | more than |
| AdV | adverb directly attached to verb | always |
| Adv | verb-phrase-modifying adverb | in the house |
| Ant | anteriority | simultaneous, anterior |
| CAdv | comparative adverb | more |
| CN | common noun (without determiner) | red house |
| Card | cardinal number | seven |
| Cl | declarative clause, with all tenses | she looks at this |
| Comp | complement of copula, such as AP | very warm |
| Conj | conjunction | and |
| DAP | determiner with adjective | three small |
| Det | determiner phrase | those seven |
| Digits | cardinal or ordinal in digits | 1,000/1,000th |
| IAdv | interrogative adverb | why |
| IComp | interrogative complement of copula | where |
| IDet | interrogative determiner | how many |
| IP | interrogative pronoun | who |
| Imp | imperative | look at this |
| Interj | interjection | alas |
| N | common noun | house |
| N2 | relational noun | son |
| N3 | three-place relational noun | connection |
| NP | noun phrase (subject or object) | the red house |
| Num | number determining element | seven |
| Numeral | cardinal or ordinal in words | five/fifth |
| Ord | ordinal number (used in Det) | seventh |
| PConj | phrase-beginning conjunction | therefore |
| PN | proper name | Paris |
| Phr | phrase in a text | but be quiet please |
| Pol | polarity | positive, negative |
| Predet | predeterminer (prefixed Quant) | all |
| Prep | preposition, or just case | in |
| Pron | personal pronoun | she |
| QCl | question clause, with all tenses | why does she walk |
| QS | question | where did she live |
| Quant | quantifier ('nucleus' of Det) | this/these |
| RCl | relative clause, with all tenses | in which she lives |
| RP | relative pronoun | in which |
| RS | relative | in which she lived |
| S | declarative sentence | she lived here |
| SC | embedded sentence or question | that it rains |
| Subj | subjunction | if |
| Temp | temporal and aspectual features | past anterior |
| Tense | tense | present, past, future |
| Text | text consisting of several phrases | He is here. Why? |
| Utt | sentence, question, word... | be quiet |
| V | one-place verb | sleep |
| V2 | two-place verb | love |
| V2A | verb with NP and AP complement | paint |
| V2Q | verb with NP and Q complement | ask |
| V2S | verb with NP and S complement | tell |
| V2V | verb with NP and V complement | cause |
| V3 | three-place verb | show |
| VA | adjective-complement verb | look |
| VP | verb phrase | is very warm |
| VPSlash | verb phrase missing complement | give to John |
| VQ | question-complement verb | wonder |
| VS | sentence-complement verb | claim |
| VV | verb-phrase-complement verb | want |
| Voc | vocative or "please" | my darling |
Syntax Rules and Structural Words
Source 1: ../../src/api/Constructors.gf
Source 2: ../../src/abstract/Structural.gf
A - one-place adjective
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
A2 - two-place adjective
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
ACard - adjective like cardinal
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
AP - adjectival phrase
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
comparAP |
A -> AP |
warmer
|
mkAP |
A -> AP |
warm
|
mkAP |
A -> NP -> AP |
warmer than Paris
|
mkAP |
A2 -> NP -> AP |
married to her
|
mkAP |
A2 -> AP |
married
|
mkAP |
AP -> S -> AP |
it is good that she sleeps
|
mkAP |
AP -> QS -> AP |
it is uncertain who sleeps
|
mkAP |
AP -> VP -> AP |
she is ready to sleep
|
mkAP |
AP -> SC -> AP |
she is ready to sleep
|
mkAP |
AdA -> A -> AP |
very old
|
mkAP |
AdA -> AP -> AP |
very very old
|
mkAP |
Conj -> AP -> AP -> AP |
old or young
|
mkAP |
Conj -> ListAP -> AP |
old, big and warm
|
mkAP |
Ord -> AP |
oldest
|
mkAP |
CAdv -> AP -> NP -> AP |
as old as she
|
reflAP |
A2 -> AP |
married to itself
|
AdA - adjective-modifying adverb
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
almost_AdA |
AdA |
almost red
|
quite_Adv |
AdA |
quite
|
so_AdA |
AdA |
so warm
|
too_AdA |
AdA |
too warm
|
very_AdA |
AdA |
very warm
|
AdN - numeral-modifying adverb
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
almost_AdN |
AdN |
almost eight
|
at_least_AdN |
AdN |
at least eight
|
at_most_AdN |
AdN |
at most eight
|
mkAdN |
CAdv -> AdN |
more than eight
|
AdV - adverb directly attached to verb
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
always_AdV |
AdV |
always
|
Adv - verb-phrase-modifying adverb
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
everywhere_Adv |
Adv |
everywhere
|
here7from_Adv |
Adv |
from here
|
here7to_Adv |
Adv |
to here
|
here_Adv |
Adv |
here
|
mkAdv |
A -> Adv |
warmly
|
mkAdv |
Prep -> NP -> Adv |
in the house
|
mkAdv |
Subj -> S -> Adv |
when she sleeps
|
mkAdv |
CAdv -> A -> NP -> Adv |
more warmly than he
|
mkAdv |
CAdv -> A -> S -> Adv |
more warmly than he runs
|
mkAdv |
AdA -> Adv -> Adv |
very warmly
|
mkAdv |
Conj -> Adv -> Adv -> Adv |
here and now
|
mkAdv |
Conj -> ListAdv -> Adv |
with her, here and now
|
somewhere_Adv |
Adv |
somewhere
|
there7from_Adv |
Adv |
from there
|
there7to_Adv |
Adv |
there
|
there_Adv |
Adv |
there
|
Ant - anteriority
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
anteriorAnt |
Ant |
she has slept
|
simultaneousAnt |
Ant |
she sleeps
|
CAdv - comparative adverb
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
as_CAdv |
CAdv |
as
|
less_CAdv |
CAdv |
less
|
more_CAdv |
CAdv |
more
|
CN - common noun (without determiner)
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkCN |
N -> CN |
house
|
mkCN |
N2 -> NP -> CN |
mother of the king
|
mkCN |
N3 -> NP -> NP -> CN |
distance from this city to Paris
|
mkCN |
N2 -> CN |
mother
|
mkCN |
N3 -> CN |
distance
|
mkCN |
A -> N -> CN |
big house
|
mkCN |
A -> CN -> CN |
big blue house
|
mkCN |
AP -> N -> CN |
very big house
|
mkCN |
AP -> CN -> CN |
very big blue house
|
mkCN |
N -> RS -> CN |
man that she loves
|
mkCN |
CN -> RS -> CN |
old man that she loves
|
mkCN |
N -> Adv -> CN |
house on the hill
|
mkCN |
CN -> Adv -> CN |
big house on the hill
|
mkCN |
CN -> S -> CN |
rule that she sleeps
|
mkCN |
CN -> QS -> CN |
question if she sleeps
|
mkCN |
CN -> VP -> CN |
reason to sleep
|
mkCN |
CN -> SC -> CN |
reason to sleep
|
mkCN |
N -> NP -> CN |
king John
|
mkCN |
CN -> NP -> CN |
old king John
|
Card - cardinal number
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkCard |
Str -> Card |
thirty-five (given as "35"; range 1-999) |
mkCard |
Numeral -> Card |
seven
|
mkCard |
Digits -> Card |
51 |
mkCard |
AdN -> Card -> Card |
almost fifty |
Cl - declarative clause, with all tenses
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
genericCl |
VP -> Cl |
one sleeps
|
mkCl |
NP -> V -> Cl |
she sleeps
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2 -> NP -> Cl |
she loves him
|
mkCl |
NP -> V3 -> NP -> NP -> Cl |
she sends it to him
|
mkCl |
NP -> VV -> VP -> Cl |
she wants to sleep
|
mkCl |
NP -> VS -> S -> Cl |
she says that I sleep
|
mkCl |
NP -> VQ -> QS -> Cl |
she wonders who sleeps
|
mkCl |
NP -> VA -> A -> Cl |
she becomes old
|
mkCl |
NP -> VA -> AP -> Cl |
she becomes very old
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2A -> NP -> A -> Cl |
she paints it red
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2A -> NP -> AP -> Cl |
she paints it red
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2S -> NP -> S -> Cl |
she answers to him that we sleep
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS -> Cl |
she asks him who sleeps
|
mkCl |
NP -> V2V -> NP -> VP -> Cl |
she begs him to sleep
|
mkCl |
NP -> VPSlash -> NP -> Cl |
she begs him to sleep here |
mkCl |
NP -> A -> Cl |
she is old
|
mkCl |
NP -> A -> NP -> Cl |
she is older than he
|
mkCl |
NP -> A2 -> NP -> Cl |
she is married to him
|
mkCl |
NP -> AP -> Cl |
she is very old
|
mkCl |
NP -> NP -> Cl |
she is the woman
|
mkCl |
NP -> N -> Cl |
she is a woman
|
mkCl |
NP -> CN -> Cl |
she is an old woman
|
mkCl |
NP -> Adv -> Cl |
she is here
|
mkCl |
NP -> VP -> Cl |
she always sleeps
|
mkCl |
N -> Cl |
there is a house
|
mkCl |
CN -> Cl |
there is an old house
|
mkCl |
NP -> Cl |
there are many houses
|
mkCl |
NP -> RS -> Cl |
it is she that sleeps
|
mkCl |
Adv -> S -> Cl |
it is here that she sleeps
|
mkCl |
V -> Cl |
it rains
|
mkCl |
VP -> Cl |
it is raining
|
mkCl |
SC -> VP -> Cl |
that she sleeps is good
|
ClSlash
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkClSlash |
NP -> VPSlash -> ClSlash |
whom does she see
|
mkClSlash |
NP -> V2 -> ClSlash |
whom does she see
|
mkClSlash |
NP -> VV -> V2 -> ClSlash |
whom does she want to see
|
mkClSlash |
Cl -> Prep -> ClSlash |
whom does she sleep with
|
mkClSlash |
ClSlash -> Adv -> ClSlash |
whom does she see today
|
mkClSlash |
NP -> VS -> SSlash -> ClSlash |
whom does she know that we hadn't seen
|
Comp - complement of copula, such as AP
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkComp |
AP -> Comp |
to be old
|
mkComp |
NP -> Comp |
to be this man
|
mkComp |
Adv -> Comp |
to be here
|
Conj - conjunction
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
and_Conj |
Conj |
here and now
|
both7and_DConj |
Conj |
both here and there
|
either7or_DConj |
Conj |
either here or there
|
if_then_Conj |
Conj |
if here then there
|
or_Conj |
Conj |
here or there
|
DAP - determiner with adjective
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
Det - determiner phrase
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
aPl_Det |
Det |
women
|
aSg_Det |
Det |
a woman
|
a_Det |
Det |
a house
|
every_Det |
Det |
every woman
|
few_Det |
Det |
few women
|
many_Det |
Det |
many houses
|
mkDet |
Quant -> Det |
this
|
mkDet |
Quant -> Card -> Det |
these five
|
mkDet |
Quant -> Ord -> Det |
the fifth
|
mkDet |
Quant -> Num -> Ord -> Det |
the five best
|
mkDet |
Quant -> Num -> Det |
these
|
mkDet |
Card -> Det |
five
|
mkDet |
Digits -> Det |
51 |
mkDet |
Numeral -> Det |
five |
mkDet |
Pron -> Det |
my |
mkDet |
Pron -> Num -> Det |
my five
|
much_Det |
Det |
much wine
|
somePl_Det |
Det |
some women
|
someSg_Det |
Det |
some wine
|
that_Det |
Det |
that woman
|
thePl_Det |
Det |
the houses
|
theSg_Det |
Det |
the house
|
the_Det |
Det |
the house
|
these_Det |
Det |
these women
|
this_Det |
Det |
this woman
|
those_Det |
Det |
those women
|
Dig
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
n0_Dig |
Dig | 0 |
n1_Dig |
Dig | 1 |
n2_Dig |
Dig | 2 |
n3_Dig |
Dig | 3 |
n4_Dig |
Dig | 4 |
n5_Dig |
Dig | 5 |
n6_Dig |
Dig | 6 |
n7_Dig |
Dig | 7 |
n8_Dig |
Dig | 8 |
n9_Dig |
Dig | 9 |
Digits - cardinal or ordinal in digits
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkDigits |
Str -> Digits |
35 (from string "35"; ; range 1-9999999) |
mkDigits |
Dig -> Digits |
4
|
mkDigits |
Dig -> Digits -> Digits |
1,233,486
|
IAdv - interrogative adverb
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
how8much_IAdv |
IAdv |
how much
|
how_IAdv |
IAdv |
how
|
mkIAdv |
Prep -> IP -> IAdv |
in which city
|
mkIAdv |
IAdv -> Adv -> IAdv |
where in Paris
|
when_IAdv |
IAdv |
when
|
where_IAdv |
IAdv |
where
|
why_IAdv |
IAdv |
why
|
IComp - interrogative complement of copula
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkIComp |
IAdv -> IComp |
where (is it) |
mkIComp |
IP -> IComp |
who (is it) |
IDet - interrogative determiner
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
how8many_IDet |
IDet |
how many houses
|
mkIDet |
IQuant -> Num -> IDet |
which houses
|
mkIDet |
IQuant -> IDet |
which house
|
whichPl_IDet |
IDet |
which houses
|
which_IDet |
IDet |
which house
|
IP - interrogative pronoun
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkIP |
IDet -> CN -> IP |
which five big cities
|
mkIP |
IDet -> N -> IP |
which five cities
|
mkIP |
IDet -> IP |
which five
|
mkIP |
IQuant -> CN -> IP |
which big city
|
mkIP |
IQuant -> Num -> CN -> IP |
which five big cities
|
mkIP |
IQuant -> N -> IP |
which city
|
mkIP |
IP -> Adv -> IP |
who in Paris
|
whatPl_IP |
IP |
what
|
whatSg_IP |
IP |
what
|
what_IP |
IP |
what
|
whoPl_IP |
IP |
who
|
whoSg_IP |
IP |
who
|
who_IP |
IP |
who
|
IQuant
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
which_IQuant |
IQuant |
which house
|
Imp - imperative
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkImp |
VP -> Imp |
come to my house
|
mkImp |
V -> Imp |
come
|
mkImp |
V2 -> NP -> Imp |
buy it
|
ImpForm
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
pluralImpForm |
ImpForm |
be men
|
politeImpForm |
ImpForm |
be a man
|
singularImpForm |
ImpForm |
be a man
|
Interj - interjection
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
ListAP
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkListAP |
AP -> AP -> ListAP |
list of two |
mkListAP |
AP -> ListAP -> ListAP |
list of more |
ListAdv
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkListAdv |
Adv -> Adv -> ListAdv |
list of two |
mkListAdv |
Adv -> ListAdv -> ListAdv |
list of more |
ListNP
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkListNP |
NP -> NP -> ListNP |
list of two |
mkListNP |
NP -> ListNP -> ListNP |
list of more |
ListRS
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkListRS |
RS -> RS -> ListRS |
list of two |
mkListRS |
RS -> ListRS -> ListRS |
list of more |
ListS
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkListS |
S -> S -> ListS |
list of two |
mkListS |
S -> ListS -> ListS |
list of more |
N - common noun
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
N2 - relational noun
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
N3 - three-place relational noun
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
NP - noun phrase (subject or object)
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
everybody_NP |
NP |
everybody
|
everything_NP |
NP |
everything
|
he_NP |
NP |
he
|
i_NP |
NP |
I
|
it_NP |
NP |
it
|
mkNP |
Quant -> N -> NP |
this man
|
mkNP |
Quant -> CN -> NP |
this old man
|
mkNP |
Quant -> Num -> CN -> NP |
these five old men
|
mkNP |
Quant -> Num -> N -> NP |
these five men
|
mkNP |
Det -> CN -> NP |
the five old men
|
mkNP |
Det -> N -> NP |
the five men
|
mkNP |
Numeral -> CN -> NP |
five old men
|
mkNP |
Numeral -> N -> NP |
five men
|
mkNP |
Digits -> CN -> NP |
51 old men
|
mkNP |
Digits -> N -> NP |
51 men
|
mkNP |
Card -> CN -> NP |
forty-five old men |
mkNP |
Card -> N -> NP |
forty-five men |
mkNP |
Pron -> CN -> NP |
my old man
|
mkNP |
Pron -> N -> NP |
my man
|
mkNP |
PN -> NP |
Paris
|
mkNP |
Pron -> NP |
we
|
mkNP |
Quant -> NP |
this
|
mkNP |
Quant -> Num -> NP |
these five
|
mkNP |
Det -> NP |
the five best
|
mkNP |
CN -> NP |
old beer
|
mkNP |
N -> NP |
beer
|
mkNP |
Predet -> NP -> NP |
only this woman
|
mkNP |
NP -> V2 -> NP |
the man seen
|
mkNP |
NP -> Adv -> NP |
Paris today
|
mkNP |
NP -> RS -> NP |
John, that walks ...
|
mkNP |
Conj -> NP -> NP -> NP |
this woman or John
|
mkNP |
Conj -> ListNP -> NP |
this woman, John or I
|
nobody_NP |
NP |
nobody
|
nothing_NP |
NP |
nothing
|
she_NP |
NP |
she
|
somebody_NP |
NP |
somebody
|
something_NP |
NP |
something
|
that_NP |
NP |
that
|
these_NP |
NP |
these
|
they_NP |
NP |
they
|
this_NP |
NP |
this
|
those_NP |
NP |
those
|
we_NP |
NP |
we
|
youPl_NP |
NP |
you
|
youPol_NP |
NP |
you
|
you_NP |
NP |
you
|
Num - number determining element
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkNum |
Str -> Num |
thirty-five (given by "35"; range 1-999) |
mkNum |
Numeral -> Num |
...
|
mkNum |
Digits -> Num |
21
|
mkNum |
Digit -> Num |
five |
mkNum |
Card -> Num |
almost five
|
mkNum |
AdN -> Card -> Num |
almost five
|
pluralNum |
Num | plural |
singularNum |
Num | singular |
Numeral - cardinal or ordinal in words
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkNumeral |
Unit -> Numeral |
eight (coerce 1..9) |
mkNumeral |
Sub100 -> Numeral |
twenty-five (coerce 1..99) |
mkNumeral |
Sub1000 -> Numeral |
nine hundred and ...
|
mkNumeral |
Sub1000 -> Sub1000 -> Numeral |
nine hundred and ...
|
mkNumeral |
Str -> Numeral |
thirty-five (given by "35"; range 1-999) |
thousandfoldNumeral |
Sub1000 -> Numeral |
nine hundred and ...
|
Ord - ordinal number (used in Det)
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkOrd |
Numeral -> Ord |
twentieth |
mkOrd |
Digits -> Ord |
51st |
mkOrd |
Digit -> Ord |
fifth |
mkOrd |
A -> Ord |
smallest
|
PConj - phrase-beginning conjunction
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
but_PConj |
PConj |
but
|
mkPConj |
Conj -> PConj |
and now
|
otherwise_PConj |
PConj |
otherwise
|
therefore_PConj |
PConj |
therefore
|
PN - proper name
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
Phr - phrase in a text
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkPhr |
(PConj) -> Utt -> (Voc) -> Phr |
but sleep, my friend
|
mkPhr |
S -> Phr |
she won't sleep
|
mkPhr |
Cl -> Phr |
she sleeps
|
mkPhr |
QS -> Phr |
would she sleep
|
mkPhr |
Imp -> Phr |
sleep
|
Pol - polarity
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
negativePol |
Pol |
she doesn't sleep
|
positivePol |
Pol |
she sleeps
|
Predet - predeterminer (prefixed Quant)
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
all_Predet |
Predet |
all the men
|
most_Predet |
Predet |
most
|
not_Predet |
Predet |
not everybody
|
only_Predet |
Predet |
only
|
Prep - preposition, or just case
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
above_Prep |
Prep |
above it
|
after_Prep |
Prep |
after it
|
before_Prep |
Prep |
before it
|
behind_Prep |
Prep |
behind it
|
between_Prep |
Prep |
between you and me
|
by8agent_Prep |
Prep |
by it
|
by8means_Prep |
Prep |
by it
|
during_Prep |
Prep |
during it
|
except_Prep |
Prep |
except it
|
for_Prep |
Prep |
for it
|
from_Prep |
Prep |
from it
|
in8front_Prep |
Prep |
in front of it
|
in_Prep |
Prep |
in it
|
on_Prep |
Prep |
on it
|
part_Prep |
Prep |
of it
|
possess_Prep |
Prep |
of it
|
through_Prep |
Prep |
through it
|
to_Prep |
Prep |
to it
|
under_Prep |
Prep |
under it
|
with_Prep |
Prep |
with it
|
without_Prep |
Prep |
without it
|
Pron - personal pronoun
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
he_Pron |
Pron |
he
|
i_Pron |
Pron |
I
|
it_Pron |
Pron |
it
|
she_Pron |
Pron |
she
|
they_Pron |
Pron |
they
|
we_Pron |
Pron |
we
|
youPl_Pron |
Pron |
you
|
youPol_Pron |
Pron |
you
|
youSg_Pron |
Pron |
you
|
Punct
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
exclMarkPunct |
Punct |
yes!
|
fullStopPunct |
Punct |
yes.
|
questMarkPunct |
Punct |
yes?
|
QCl - question clause, with all tenses
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkQCl |
Cl -> QCl |
does she sleep
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VP -> QCl |
who always sleeps
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V -> QCl |
who sleeps
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2 -> NP -> QCl |
who loves her
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V3 -> NP -> NP -> QCl |
who sends it to her
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VV -> VP -> QCl |
who wants to sleep
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VS -> S -> QCl |
who says that I sleep
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VQ -> QS -> QCl |
who wonders who sleeps
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VA -> A -> QCl |
who becomes old
|
mkQCl |
IP -> VA -> AP -> QCl |
who becomes very old
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2A -> NP -> A -> QCl |
who paints it red
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2A -> NP -> AP -> QCl |
who paints it very red
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2S -> NP -> S -> QCl |
who answers to him that we sleep
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS -> QCl |
who asks him who sleeps
|
mkQCl |
IP -> V2V -> NP -> VP -> QCl |
who begs him to sleep
|
mkQCl |
IP -> A -> QCl |
who is old
|
mkQCl |
IP -> A -> NP -> QCl |
who is older than he
|
mkQCl |
IP -> A2 -> NP -> QCl |
who is married to him
|
mkQCl |
IP -> AP -> QCl |
who is very old
|
mkQCl |
IP -> NP -> QCl |
who is the woman
|
mkQCl |
IP -> N -> QCl |
who is a woman
|
mkQCl |
IP -> CN -> QCl |
who is an old woman
|
mkQCl |
IP -> Adv -> QCl |
who is here
|
mkQCl |
IP -> NP -> V2 -> QCl |
who is her
|
mkQCl |
IP -> ClSlash -> QCl |
whom does she love today
|
mkQCl |
IAdv -> Cl -> QCl |
why does she sleep
|
mkQCl |
Prep -> IP -> Cl -> QCl |
with whom does she sleep
|
mkQCl |
IAdv -> NP -> QCl |
where is she
|
mkQCl |
IComp -> NP -> QCl |
who is this man
|
mkQCl |
IP -> QCl |
which city is there
|
QS - question
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkQS |
(Tense) -> (Ant) -> (Pol) -> QCl -> QS |
who wouldn't have slept
|
mkQS |
Cl -> QS |
does she sleep
|
Quant - quantifier ('nucleus' of Det)
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
a_Quant |
Quant |
a house
|
mkQuant |
Pron -> Quant |
my house
|
no_Quant |
Quant |
no house
|
that_Quant |
Quant |
that house
|
the_Quant |
Quant |
the house
|
this_Quant |
Quant |
this house
|
RCl - relative clause, with all tenses
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkRCl |
RP -> VP -> RCl |
woman that always sleeps
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V -> RCl |
woman that sleeps
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2 -> NP -> RCl |
woman that loves him
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V3 -> NP -> NP -> RCl |
woman that sends it to him
|
mkRCl |
RP -> VV -> VP -> RCl |
woman that wants to sleep
|
mkRCl |
RP -> VS -> S -> RCl |
woman that says that I sleep
|
mkRCl |
RP -> VQ -> QS -> RCl |
woman that wonders who sleeps
|
mkRCl |
RP -> VA -> A -> RCl |
woman that becomes old
|
mkRCl |
RP -> VA -> AP -> RCl |
woman that becomes very old
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2A -> NP -> A -> RCl |
woman that paints it red
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2A -> NP -> AP -> RCl |
woman that paints it very red
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2S -> NP -> S -> RCl |
woman that answers to him that we sleep
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS -> RCl |
woman that asks him who sleeps
|
mkRCl |
RP -> V2V -> NP -> VP -> RCl |
woman that begs him to sleep
|
mkRCl |
RP -> A -> RCl |
woman that is old
|
mkRCl |
RP -> A -> NP -> RCl |
woman that is older than he
|
mkRCl |
RP -> A2 -> NP -> RCl |
woman that is married to him
|
mkRCl |
RP -> AP -> RCl |
woman that is very old
|
mkRCl |
RP -> NP -> RCl |
woman that is the woman
|
mkRCl |
RP -> N -> RCl |
student that is a woman
|
mkRCl |
RP -> CN -> RCl |
student that is an old woman
|
mkRCl |
RP -> Adv -> RCl |
woman that is here
|
mkRCl |
RP -> NP -> V2 -> RCl |
woman that we love
|
mkRCl |
RP -> ClSlash -> RCl |
woman that she loves today
|
mkRCl |
Cl -> RCl |
such that she loves him |
RP - relative pronoun
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkRP |
Prep -> NP -> RP -> RP |
all the cities in which
|
which_RP |
RP |
which
|
RS - relative
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkRS |
(Tense) -> (Ant) -> (Pol) -> RCl -> RS |
woman that wouldn't have slept
|
mkRS |
Temp -> (Pol) -> RCl -> RS |
that wouldn't have slept |
mkRS |
Conj -> RS -> RS -> RS |
woman that sleeps or that we love
|
mkRS |
Conj -> ListRS -> RS |
who sleeps, whom I see and who sleeps |
S - declarative sentence
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkS |
(Tense) -> (Ant) -> (Pol) -> Cl -> S |
she wouldn't have slept
|
mkS |
Temp -> Pol -> Cl -> S |
she wouldn't have slept |
mkS |
Conj -> S -> S -> S |
she sleeps and I run
|
mkS |
Conj -> ListS -> S |
she sleeps, I run and you walk
|
mkS |
Adv -> S -> S |
today she sleeps
|
SC - embedded sentence or question
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkSC |
S -> SC |
that she sleeps
|
mkSC |
QS -> SC |
who sleeps
|
mkSC |
VP -> SC |
to sleep
|
SSlash
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkSSlash |
Temp -> Pol -> ClSlash -> SSlash |
she hadn't seen
|
Sub100
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkSub100 |
Unit -> Sub100 |
eight
|
mkSub100 |
Unit -> Unit -> Sub100 |
...
|
tenfoldSub100 |
Unit -> Sub100 |
eight
|
Sub1000
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkSub1000 |
Sub100 -> Sub1000 |
...
|
mkSub1000 |
Unit -> Sub1000 |
nine hundred
|
mkSub1000 |
Unit -> Sub100 -> Sub1000 |
nine hundred and ...
|
Subj - subjunction
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
although_Subj |
Subj |
although she sleeps
|
because_Subj |
Subj |
because she sleeps
|
if_Subj |
Subj |
if she sleeps
|
that_Subj |
Subj |
that she sleeps
|
when_Subj |
Subj |
when she sleeps
|
Temp - temporal and aspectual features
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkTemp |
Tense -> Ant -> Temp |
e.g. past + anterior |
Tense - tense
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
conditionalTense |
Tense |
she would sleep
|
futureTense |
Tense |
she will sleep
|
pastTense |
Tense |
she slept
|
presentTense |
Tense |
she sleeps
|
Text - text consisting of several phrases
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
emptyText |
Text | (empty text) |
mkText |
Phr -> (Punct) -> (Text) -> Text |
does she sleep? yes.
|
mkText |
Utt -> (Punct) -> (Text) -> Text |
Does she sleep? Yes. |
mkText |
S -> Text |
she slept.
|
mkText |
Cl -> Text |
she sleeps.
|
mkText |
QS -> Text |
did she sleep?
|
mkText |
(Pol) -> Imp -> Text |
don't sleep!
|
mkText |
Text -> Text -> Text |
where? here. when? now!
|
Unit
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
n1_Unit |
Unit |
one
|
n2_Unit |
Unit |
two
|
n3_Unit |
Unit |
three
|
n4_Unit |
Unit |
four
|
n5_Unit |
Unit |
five
|
n6_Unit |
Unit |
six
|
n7_Unit |
Unit |
seven
|
n8_Unit |
Unit |
eight
|
n9_Unit |
Unit |
nine
|
Utt - sentence, question, word...
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
lets_Utt |
VP -> Utt |
let's sleep
|
mkUtt |
S -> Utt |
she slept
|
mkUtt |
Cl -> Utt |
she sleeps
|
mkUtt |
QS -> Utt |
who didn't sleep
|
mkUtt |
QCl -> Utt |
who sleeps
|
mkUtt |
(ImpForm) -> (Pol) -> Imp -> Utt |
don't be men
|
mkUtt |
IP -> Utt |
who
|
mkUtt |
IAdv -> Utt |
why
|
mkUtt |
NP -> Utt |
this man
|
mkUtt |
Adv -> Utt |
here
|
mkUtt |
VP -> Utt |
to sleep
|
mkUtt |
CN -> Utt |
beer
|
mkUtt |
AP -> Utt |
good
|
mkUtt |
Card -> Utt |
five
|
no_Utt |
Utt |
no
|
yes_Utt |
Utt |
yes
|
V - one-place verb
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
V2 - two-place verb
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
have_V2 |
V2 |
to have it
|
V2A - verb with NP and AP complement
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
V2Q - verb with NP and Q complement
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
V2S - verb with NP and S complement
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
V2V - verb with NP and V complement
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
V3 - three-place verb
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
VA - adjective-complement verb
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
VP - verb phrase
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkVP |
V -> VP |
to sleep
|
mkVP |
V2 -> NP -> VP |
to love him
|
mkVP |
V3 -> NP -> NP -> VP |
to send it to him
|
mkVP |
VV -> VP -> VP |
to want to sleep
|
mkVP |
VS -> S -> VP |
to know that she sleeps
|
mkVP |
VQ -> QS -> VP |
to wonder who sleeps
|
mkVP |
VA -> AP -> VP |
to become red
|
mkVP |
V2A -> NP -> AP -> VP |
to paint it red
|
mkVP |
V2S -> NP -> S -> VP |
to answer to him that she sleeps
|
mkVP |
V2Q -> NP -> QS -> VP |
to ask him who sleeps
|
mkVP |
V2V -> NP -> VP -> VP |
to beg him to sleep
|
mkVP |
A -> VP |
to be old
|
mkVP |
A -> NP -> VP |
to be older than he
|
mkVP |
A2 -> NP -> VP |
to be married to him
|
mkVP |
AP -> VP |
to be very old
|
mkVP |
N -> VP |
to be a woman
|
mkVP |
CN -> VP |
to be an old woman
|
mkVP |
NP -> VP |
to be the woman
|
mkVP |
Adv -> VP |
to be here
|
mkVP |
VP -> Adv -> VP |
to sleep here
|
mkVP |
AdV -> VP -> VP |
to always sleep
|
mkVP |
VPSlash -> NP -> VP |
to paint it black
|
mkVP |
VPSlash -> VP |
to paint itself black
|
mkVP |
Comp -> VP |
to be warm
|
passiveVP |
V2 -> VP |
to be loved
|
passiveVP |
V2 -> NP -> VP |
to be loved by her
|
progressiveVP |
VP -> VP |
to be sleeping
|
reflexiveVP |
V2 -> VP |
to love itself
|
reflexiveVP |
VPSlash -> VP |
paint itself black |
VPSlash - verb phrase missing complement
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkVPSlash |
V2 -> VPSlash |
whom does she see
|
mkVPSlash |
V3 -> NP -> VPSlash |
whom does she send it to
|
mkVPSlash |
V2A -> AP -> VPSlash |
whom does she paint red
|
mkVPSlash |
V2Q -> QS -> VPSlash |
whom does she ask where I sleep
|
mkVPSlash |
V2S -> S -> VPSlash |
whom does she answer that I sleep to
|
mkVPSlash |
V2V -> VP -> VPSlash |
whom does she beg to sleep
|
mkVPSlash |
VV -> VPSlash -> VPSlash |
whom does she want to see
|
mkVPSlash |
V2V -> NP -> VPSlash -> VPSlash |
whom does she beg me to see
|
VQ - question-complement verb
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
VS - sentence-complement verb
Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.
VV - verb-phrase-complement verb
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
can8know_VV |
VV |
to be able to sleep
|
can_VV |
VV |
to be able to sleep
|
must_VV |
VV |
have to
|
want_VV |
VV |
to want to sleep
|
Voc - vocative or "please"
| Function | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
mkVoc |
NP -> Voc |
yes, my friend
|
please_Voc |
Voc |
please
|
Lexical Paradigms
Paradigms for Afrikaans
source ../../src/afrikaans/ParadigmsAfr.gf
| Function | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
de |
Gender | non-neutrum |
het |
Gender | neutrum |
--die |
Gender | - |
mkN |
(muis : Str) -> N |
de muis-muisen, with some predictable exceptions |
mkN |
(bit : Str) -> Gender -> N |
if gender is not predictable |
mkN |
(gat,gaten : Str) -> Gender -> N |
worst-case for nouns |
mkN2 |
N -> N2 |
relational noun with preposition van |
mkN2 |
N -> Prep -> N2 |
other preposition than van |
mkN3 |
N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 |
e.g. afstand + van + naar |
mkPN |
Str -> PN |
proper name |
mkA |
(vers : Str) -> A |
regular adjective |
mkA |
(sag, sagte : Str) -> A --"semi-irregular" |
- |
mkA |
(goed,goede,goeds,beter,best : Str) -> A |
irregular adjective |
invarA |
Str -> A |
adjective with just one form |
mkA2 |
A -> Prep -> A2 |
e.g. getrouwd + met |
mkAdv |
Str -> Adv |
- |
mkPrep |
Str -> Prep |
- |
van_Prep |
Prep | - |
te_Prep |
Prep | - |
mkV |
(aaien : Str) -> V |
regular verb |
mkV |
(breken,brak,gebroken : Str) -> V |
theme of irregular verb |
mkV |
(breken,brak,braken,gebroken : Str) -> V |
also past plural irregular |
mkV |
(aai,aait,aaien,aaide,aaide,aaiden,geaaid : Str) -> V |
worst-case verb |
mkV |
Str -> V -> V |
add movable suffix, e.g. af + stappen |
zijnV |
V -> V |
force zijn as auxiliary (default hebben) |
reflV |
V -> V |
reflexive verb e.g. zich afvragen |
mkV3 |
V -> V3 |
geven,(accusative),(dative) |
mkV3 |
V -> Prep -> V3 |
sturen,(accusative),naar |
mkV3 |
V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 |
praten, met, over |
mkVS |
V -> VS |
- |
mkV2S |
V -> Prep -> V2S |
- |
mkVV |
V -> VV |
- |
mkV2V |
V -> Prep -> V2V |
- |
mkVA |
V -> VA |
- |
mkV2A |
V -> Prep -> V2A |
- |
mkVQ |
V -> VQ |
- |
mkV2Q |
V -> Prep -> V2Q |
- |
Paradigms for Arabic
source ../../src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
| Function | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
Case |
Type | Argument to mkPrep |
nom |
Case | Nominative |
acc |
Case | Accusative |
gen |
Case | Genitive |
Gender |
Type | Argument to mkN and mkPN |
masc |
Gender | Masculine |
fem |
Gender | Feminine |
Number |
Type | Argument to mkConj ("NP and NP" plural; "NP or NP" singular), and special cases of mkN, where nominal attribute is included in the N. |
sg |
Number | Singular |
pl |
Number | Plural |
Species |
Type | Argument to mkN. |
hum |
Species | Human nouns (teacher, woman, brother, …) |
nohum |
Species | Any other nouns (house, dog, …) |
Vowel |
Type | Argument to mkV, when constructing verbs of Form I. |
va |
Vowel | a (fatha) as the perfect or imperfect vowel, e.g. فعَل |
vi |
Vowel | i (kasra) as the perfect or imperfect vowel, e.g فعِل |
vu |
Vowel | u (damma) as the perfect or imperfect vowel, e.g. فعُل |
mkN |
(sg : Str) -> N |
Takes the singular without case marking, gives a non-human regular noun. Plural is sound feminine if the word ends in ة, otherwise sound masculine. |
mkN |
(sg,pl : Str) -> Gender -> Species -> N |
Takes the singular and the plural (sound or broken) forms without case marking, returns a noun with basic triptote declension. NB for irregular/weak roots, safer to use brkN, sdfN or sdmN, which take root and pattern. |
mkN |
(root,sgPat,plPat : Str) -> Gender -> Species -> N |
(This is brkN; see its description.) |
mkN |
Species -> N -> N |
Change species (hum/nohum) of a noun. |
mkN |
N -> (attr : Str) -> N |
Compound noun with invariant attribute. |
mkN |
N -> N -> N |
Compound noun with singular genitive attribute, but inflects in state. |
mkN |
Number -> N -> N -> N |
Compound noun with genitive attribute, but inflects in state. Attribute's number specified by 1st arg. |
brkN |
(root,sgPat,brokenPlPat : Str) -> Gender -> Species -> N |
Takes a root string, a singular pattern string, a broken plural pattern string, a gender, and species. Gives a noun. (This is also overloaded as mkN.) |
sdfN |
(root,sgPat : Str) -> Gender -> Species -> N |
Takes a root string, a singular pattern string, a gender, and species. Gives a noun whose plural is sound feminine. |
sdmN |
(root,sgPat : Str) -> Gender -> Species -> N |
Takes a root string, a singular pattern string, a gender, and species. Gives a noun whose plural is sound masculine |
dualN |
N -> N |
Force the plural of the N into dual (e.g. "twins") |
mkPN |
Str -> PN |
Predictable PN from a Str: fem hum if ends in ة, otherwise masc hum. |
mkPN |
N -> PN |
Make a PN out of N. The PN is in construct state. |
mkPN |
Str -> Gender -> Species -> PN |
Make a PN out of string, gender and species. |
mkN2 |
N -> Prep -> N2 |
Noun and a ready-made preposition. |
mkN2 |
N -> Str -> N2 |
Noun, preposition given as a string, complement case genitive. |
mkN2 |
N -> N2 |
Noun, no preposition, complement case genitive. |
mkN2 |
Str -> N2 |
Predictable inflection, no preposition, complement case genitive. |
mkN3 |
N -> Preposition -> Preposition -> N3 |
ready-made prepositions |
mkN3 |
N -> Str -> Str -> N3 |
prepositions given as strings |
mkA |
(root : Str) -> A |
adjective with positive form aFCal |
mkA |
(root,sgPat : Str) -> A |
adjective with sound plural, takes root string and sg. pattern string |
mkA |
(root,sgPat,plPat : Str) -> A |
adjective with broken plural, same for both fem. and masc. |
mkA |
(isSoundFem : Bool) -> (root,sg,pl : Str) -> A |
adjective with broken plural, boolean argument whether feminine is sound (True) or shared with masc (False) |
mkA |
A -> Str -> A |
add non-inflecting component after adjective |
mkA |
Str -> A -> A |
add non-inflecting component before adjective |
nisbaA |
Str -> Adj |
Forms relative adjectives with the suffix ِيّ. Takes either the stem and adds يّ, or the whole word ending in يّ and just adds declension. |
idaafaA |
N -> A -> A |
Forms adjectives of type غَيْرُ طَيِّبٍ 'not good'. Noun is in construct state but inflects in case. Adjective is in genitive, but inflects in gender, number and state. |
degrA |
(masc,fem,plur : Str) -> A |
Adjective where masculine singular is also the comparative form. Indeclinable singular, basic triptote declension for dual and plural. |
irregFemA |
(masc : A) -> (fem : A) -> A |
Adjective with irregular feminine. Takes two adjectives (masc. regular and fem. "regular", with fem. forms in the masc fields,) and puts them together. |
invarGenderA |
A -> A |
Forms an adjective that has no feminine form. Takes a regular adjective and forces the masculine forms into the fem. table. |
mkA2 |
A -> Prep -> A2 |
- |
mkA2 |
A -> Str -> A2 |
- |
mkAdv |
Str -> Adv |
- |
mkAdV |
Str -> AdV |
- |
mkAdA |
Str -> AdA |
- |
mkInterj |
Str -> Interj |
- |
mkSubj |
Str -> Subj |
Default order Subord (=noun first and in accusative) |
mkSubj |
Str -> Order -> Subj |
Specify word order |
mkPrep |
Str -> Prep |
Build a preposition out of the given string, with genitive case. |
mkPrep |
Str -> Case -> Prep |
Build a preposition out of the given string and case. |
mkPrep |
Case -> Prep |
Just a case, no preposition. |
liPrep |
Prep | The preposition لِ, binding to its head. Vowel assimilation and def. article elision implemented. |
biPrep |
Prep | The preposition بِ, binding to its head. |
noPrep |
Prep | No preposition at all, "complement case" is nominative. |
mkConj |
Str -> Conj |
and |
mkConj |
Str -> Str -> Conj |
either … or |
mkConj |
Str -> Number -> Conj |
and, pl |
mkConj |
Str -> Str -> Number -> Conj |
either, or, sg |
mkV |
(imperfect,masdar : Str) -> V |
Takes a verb of Form I in 3rd person masculine imperfect tense. Unpredictable masdar given as an argument. |
mkV |
(imperfect : Str) -> V |
Takes a verb of Form I in 3rd person masculine imperfect tense. Dummy masdar inserted. |
mkV |
(root : Str) -> (perf,impf : Vowel) -> (masdar : Str) -> V |
Takes the root of a verb of Form I. Vowel is one of {va,vi,vu}. Unpredictable masdar given as an argument. |
mkV |
(root : Str) -> (perf,impf : Vowel) -> V |
Like above, but dummy masdar inserted. This function is here only to keep compatibility for the old API; for new grammars, use the constructor with masdar as an argument. |
mkV |
(root,masdar : Str) -> VerbForm -> V |
FormI…FormXI (no IX). XI is quadriliteral. For FormI, default vowels are va and vu. The given masdar is used for FormI, but currently ignored for Forms II-XI. |
mkV |
(root : Str) -> VerbForm -> V |
Like above, but dummy masdar inserted for FormI verbs. No difference for FormII-FormXI, because they have predictable masdar. |
mkV |
V -> (particle : Str) -> V |
V with a non-inflecting particle/phrasal verb |
reflV |
V -> V |
نَفْس in the proper case and with possessive suffix, e.g. نَفْسَكِ |
v1 |
(root : Str) -> (perf,impf : Vowel) -> (masdar : Str) -> V |
Verb Form I: fa`ala, fa`ila, fa`ula. Verbal noun (masdar) given as the third argument. |
v1 |
(root : Str) -> (perf,impf : Vowel) -> V |
To keep compatibility for the old API; dummy masdar inserted. |
v2 |
Str -> V |
Verb Form II: fa``ala |
v3 |
Str -> V |
Verb Form III: faa`ala |
v4 |
Str -> V |
Verb Form IV: 'af`ala |
v5 |
Str -> V |
Verb Form V: tafa``ala |
v6 |
Str -> V |
Verb Form VI: tafaa`ala |
v7 |
Str -> V |
Verb Form VII: infa`ala |
v8 |
Str -> V |
Verb Form VIII: ifta`ala |
v10 |
Str -> V |
Verb Form X: 'istaf`ala |
v11 |
Str -> V |
Verb Form XI (quadriliteral): fa`laba |
mkV2 |
V -> V2 |
No preposition |
mkV2 |
V -> Str -> V2 |
Preposition as string, default case genitive |
mkV2 |
V -> Prep -> V2 |
Ready-made preposition |
mkV2 |
Str -> V2 |
Predictable verb conjugation, no preposition |
dirV2 |
V -> V2 |
- |
mkV3 |
V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 |
speak, with, about |
mkV3 |
V -> (to : Str) -> (about:Str) -> V3 |
like above, but with strings as arguments (default complement case genitive) |
dirV3 |
V -> Prep -> V3 |
give,_,to |
dirV3 |
V -> (to : Str) -> V3 |
like above, but with string as argument (default complement case genitive) |
dirdirV3 |
V -> V3 |
give,_,_ |
mkV0 |
V -> V0 |
- |
mkVS |
V -> VS |
Takes a V, returns a VS with default complementiser أَنَّ. |
mkVS |
V -> Str -> VS |
Takes a V and a complementiser. |
mkV2S |
V -> V2S |
Takes a V, returns a V2S with default complementiser أَنَّ and accusative as the direct object case. |
mkV2S |
VS -> V2S |
Takes a VS, returns a V2S with accusative as the object case, retaining the VS's complementiser. |
mkV2S |
V2 -> V2S |
Takes a V2, returns a V2S with default complementiser أَنَّ, retaining the V2's direct object case. |
mkV2S |
V -> Prep -> Str -> V2S |
Takes V, preposition and complementiser. |
mkVV |
V -> VV |
Takes a V, returns a VV with default complementiser أَنَّ. |
mkVV |
V -> Str -> VV |
Takes a V and a complementiser. |
mkV2V |
V -> V2V |
Takes a V, returns a V2V with default complementiser أَنْ and accusative as the direct object case. |
mkV2V |
VV -> V2V |
Takes VV, returns V2V with accusative as the object case, retaining the VV's complementiser. |
mkV2V |
V -> Prep -> Str -> V2V |
Takes V, preposition and complementiser. |
subjCase |
VV -> Prep -> VV |
Change the subject case of a VV. (Default is nominative; use any other case or preposition.) |
subjCase |
V2V -> Prep -> V2V |
Change the subject case to a V2V. (Default is nominative; use any other case or preposition.) |
mkVA |
V -> VA |
- |
mkV2A |
V -> Str -> V2A |
Takes a V and an object case/preposition. NB. V2A |
mkVQ |
V -> VQ |
- |
mkV2Q |
V -> Str -> V2Q |
Takes a V and an object case/preposition. NB. V2Q |
mkAS |
A -> AS |
- |
mkA2S |
A -> Str -> A2S |
- |
mkAV |
A -> AV |
- |
mkA2V |
A -> Str -> A2V |
- |
V0 |
Type | - |
Paradigms for Bulgarian
source ../../src/bulgarian/ParadigmsBul.gf
| Function | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
mkN001 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN001a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN002 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN002a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN003 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN004 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN005 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN006 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN007 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN007b |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN007a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN008 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN008b |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN008c |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN008a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN009 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN009a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN010 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN011 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN012 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN013 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN014 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN014a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN015 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN015a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN016 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN016a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN017 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN018 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN018a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN019 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN019a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN020 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN021 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN022 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN023 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN024a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN024 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN025 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN026 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN027 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN028 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN028a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN029 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN030 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN031 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN031a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN032 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN032a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN033 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN034 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN035 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN035a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN036 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN037 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN038 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN039 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN040 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN040a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN041 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN041a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN041b |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN042 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN043 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN043a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN044 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN045 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN046 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN047 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN048 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN049 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN050 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN051 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN052 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN052a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN053 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN054 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN055 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN056 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN057 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN057a |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN058 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN059 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN060 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN061 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN062 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN063 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN064 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN065 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN066 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN067 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN068 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN069 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN070 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN071 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN072 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN073 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN074 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN075 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN076 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkN077 |
Str -> N |
- |
mkA076 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA077 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA078 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA079 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA080 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA081 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA082 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA082a |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA083 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA084 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA084a |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA085 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA086 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA087 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA088 |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA089a |
Str -> A |
- |
mkV142 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV143 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV144 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV145 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV145a |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV145b |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV146 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV146a |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV147 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV148 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV149 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV150 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV150a |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV151 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV152 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV152a |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV153 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV154 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV155 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV156 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV157 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV158 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV159 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV160 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV160a |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV161 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV161a |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV162 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV163 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV164 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV165 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV166 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV167 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV168 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV169 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV170 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV171 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV172 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV173 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV174 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV175 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV176 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV177 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV178 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV179 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV180 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV181 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV182 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV183 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV184 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV185 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV186 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV187 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
mkV188 |
Str -> VTable |
- |
adjAdv |
A -> Str -> A |
- |
Paradigms for Catalan
source ../../src/catalan/ParadigmsCat.gf
| Function | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
Gender |
Type | - |
masculine |
Gender | - |
feminine |
Gender | - |
Number |
Type | - |
singular |
Number | - |
plural |
Number | - |
accusative |
Prep | direct object |
genitive |
Prep | preposition "de" |
dative |
Prep | preposition "a" |
mkPrep |
Str -> Prep |
other preposition |
CopulaType |
Type | - |
serCopula |
CopulaType | - |
estarCopula |
CopulaType | - |
mkN |
(llum : Str) -> N |
regular, with heuristics for plural and gender |
mkN |
Str -> Gender -> N |
force gender |
mkN |
(disc,discos : Str) -> Gender -> N |
worst case |
compN |
N -> Str -> N |
compound, e.g. "número" + "de telèfon" |
mkN2 |
N -> Prep -> N2 |
e.g. filla + genitive |
deN2 |
N -> N2 |
relation with genitive |
aN2 |
N -> N2 |
relation with dative |
mkN3 |
N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 |
e.g. connexió + genitive + dative |
mkPN |
(Anna : Str) -> PN |
feminine for "-a", otherwise masculine |
mkPN |
(Pilar : Str) -> Gender -> PN |
force gender |
mkPN |
N -> PN |
- |
mkA |
(sol : Str) -> A |
regular |
mkA |
(fort,forta,forts,fortes,fortament : Str) -> A |
worst case |
mkA |
(bo : A) -> (millor : A) -> A |
special comparison (default with "mas") |
mkA |
A -> CopulaType -> A |
force copula type |
prefixA |
A -> A |
adjective before noun (default: after) |
adjCopula |
A -> CopulaType -> A |
force copula type |
mkA2 |
A -> Prep -> A2 |
e.g. "casat" + dative |
mkAdv |
Str -> Adv |
- |
mkAdV |
Str -> AdV |
- |
mkAdA |
Str -> AdA |
- |
mkV |
(cantar : Str) -> V |
regular in models I, IIa, IIb |
mkV |
(servir,serveixo : Str) -> V --inchoative verbs and "re" verbs whose 1st person ends in c |
- |
mkV |
Verbum -> V |
use verb constructed in BeschCat |
mkV |
V -> Str -> V |
particle verb |
reflV |
V -> V |
reflexive verb |
mkV2 |
Str -> V2 |
regular verb, direct object |
mkV2 |
V -> V2 |
any verb, direct object |
mkV2 |
V -> Prep -> V2 |
preposition for complement |
mkV3 |
V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 |
parlar, a, de |
dirV3 |
V -> Prep -> V3 |
donar,(accusative),a |
dirdirV3 |
V -> V3 |
donar,(dative),(accusative) |
mkVS |
V -> VS |
- |
subjVS |
V -> VS |
- |
mkV2S |
V -> Prep -> V2S |
- |
mkVV |
V -> VV |
plain infinitive: "vull parlar" |
deVV |
V -> VV |
"acabar de parlar" |
aVV |
V -> VV |
"aprendre a parlar" |
mkV2V |
V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V |
- |
mkVA |
V -> VA |
- |
mkV2A |
V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A |
- |
mkVQ |
V -> VQ |
- |
mkV2Q |
V -> Prep -> V2Q |
- |
Paradigms for Chinese (simplified)
source ../../src/chinese/ParadigmsChi.gf
| Function | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
mkN |
(man : Str) -> N |
- |
mkN |
(man : Str) -> Str -> N |
- |
mkN2 |
Str -> N2 |
- |
mkN3 |
N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 |
- |
mkPN |
(john : Str) -> PN |
- |
foreignPN |
(john : Str) -> PN |
- |
mkA |
(small : Str) -> A |
- |
mkA |
(small : Str) -> Bool -> A |
- |
mkA2 |
Str -> A2 |
- |
mkA2 |
A -> A2 |
- |
mkA2 |
A -> Prep -> A2 |
- |
mkV |
(walk : Str) -> V |
- |
mkV |
(walk,out : Str) -> V |
- |
mkV |
(arrive : Str) -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> V |
- |
mkV |
(arrive : Str) -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> V |
- |
mkV2 |
Str -> V2 |
- |
mkV2 |
V -> V2 |
- |
mkV2 |
V -> Prep -> V2 |
- |
mkV3 |
Str -> V3 |
- |
mkV3 |
V -> V3 |
- |
mkV3 |
V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 |
- |
mkVV |
Str -> VV |
- |
mkVQ |
Str -> VQ |
- |
mkVQ |
V -> VQ |
- |
mkVS |
Str -> VS |
- |
mkVS |
Str -> Str -> VS |
- |
mkVS |
V -> VS |
- |
mkVA |
Str -> VA |
- |
mkVA |
V -> VA |
- |
mkV2Q |
V -> V2Q |
- |
mkV2Q |
Str -> V2Q |
- |
mkV2V |
Str -> V2V |
- |
mkV2V |
V -> V2V |
- |
mkV2S |
Str -> V2S |
- |
mkV2S |
V -> V2S |
- |
mkV2A |
Str -> V2A |
- |
mkV2A |
V -> V2A |
- |
mkAdv |
Str -> Adv |
- |
mkAdv |
Str -> Str -> Adv |
- |
mkAdv |
Str -> AdvType -> Adv |
- |
mkAdv |
Adv -> AdvType -> Adv |
To fix the AdvType in an Adv produced by SyntaxChi.mkAdv |
AdvType |
Type | - |
placeAdvType |
AdvType | without "在" included |
zai_placeAdvType |
AdvType | with "在" included |
timeAdvType |
AdvType | - |
mannerAdvType |
AdvType | - |
mkPrep |
Str -> Prep |
- |
mkPrep |
Str -> Str -> Prep |
- |
mkPrep |
Str -> Str -> AdvType -> Prep |
- |
mkInterj |
Str -> Interj |
- |
emptyPrep |
Preposition | - |
mkpNP |
Str -> CatChi.NP |
- |
mkAdV |
Str -> AdV |
- |
mkAdN |
Str -> AdN |
- |
mkSubj |
Str -> Subj |
- |
mkConj |
Str -> Conj |
- |
mkConj |
(both,and : Str) -> Conj |
- |
mkpDet |
Str -> Det |
- |
mkQuant |
Str -> Quant |
- |
mkAdA |
Str -> AdA |
- |
mkNum |
Str -> Num |
- |
mkPredet |
Str -> Predet |
- |
mkIDet |
Str -> IDet |
- |
mkPConj |
Str -> PConj |
- |
mkRP |
Str -> RP |
- |
Paradigms for Czech
source ../../src/czech/ParadigmsCze.gf
| Function | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
singular |
Number | - |
plural |
Number | - |
mascAnimate |
Gender | - |
mascInanimate |
Gender | - |
feminine |
Gender | - |
neuter |
Gender | - |
nominative |
Case | - |
genitive |
Case | - |
dative |
Case | - |
accusative |
Case | - |
vocative |
Case | - |
locative |
Case | - |
instrumental |
Case | - |
mkN |
(nom : Str) -> N |
- |
mkN |
(nom,gen : Str) -> Gender -> N |
- |
panN |
Str -> N |
default ** {pnom |
predsedaN |
Str -> N |
default ** {sgen |
hradN |
Str -> N |
default ** {sgen,sloc |
zenaN |
Str -> N |
default ** {pgen |
mestoN |
Str -> N |
default ** {sloc |
muzN |
Str -> N |
- |
soudceN |
Str -> N |
default ** {sdat,sloc |
strojN |
Str -> N |
- |
ruzeN |
Str -> N |
- |
pisenN |
Str -> N |
- |
kostN |
Str -> N |
- |
kureN |
Str -> N |
- |
moreN |
Str -> N |
default ** {pgen |
staveniN |
Str -> N |
- |
mkA |
Str -> A |
- |
mladyA |
Str -> A |
- |
jarniA |
Str -> A |
- |
otcuvA |
Str -> A |
- |
matcinA |
Str -> A |
- |
invarA |
Str -> A |
- |
mkA2 |
A -> Prep -> A2 |
- |
mkV2 |
VerbForms -> VerbForms ** {c : ComplementCase} |
- |
mkV2 |
VerbForms -> Case -> VerbForms ** {c : ComplementCase} |
- |
mkV2 |
VerbForms -> ComplementCase -> VerbForms ** {c : ComplementCase} |
- |
mkAdv |
Str -> Adv |
- |
mkPrep |
Str -> Case -> Prep |
- |
mkConj |
Str -> Conj |
- |
Paradigms for Danish
source ../../src/danish/ParadigmsDan.gf
| Function | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
Gender |
Type | - |
utrum |
Gender | "en" gender |
neutrum |
Gender | "et" gender |
mkPrep |
Str -> Prep |
e.g. "til" |
noPrep |
Prep | empty string |
mkN |
(bil : Str) -> N |
regular noun: "en" gender with plural "-er" or "-r" |
mkN |
(bil,bilen : Str) -> N |
prediction from both singular indefinite and definite |
mkN |
(bil,biler : Str) -> Gender -> N |
prediction from both singular and plural plus gender |
mkN |
(dreng,drengen,drenge,drengene : Str) -> N |
almost worst case, gender guessed from Sg Def |
mkN |
(dreng,drengen,drenge,drengene : Str) -> Gender -> N |
worst case |
mkN2 |
N -> Prep -> N2 |
e.g. datter + til |
mkN3 |
N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 |
e.g. forbindelse + fra + til |
mkPN |
Str -> PN |
utrum gender |
mkPN |
Str -> Gender -> PN |
other gender |
mkA |
(fin : Str) -> A |
regular adjective |
mkA |
(fin,fint : Str) -> A |
deviant neuter |
mkA |
(galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A |
also deviant plural |
mkA |
(stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -> A |
worst case |
mkA |
A -> A |
force comparison with mer/mest |
mkA2 |
A -> Prep -> A2 |
e.g. gift + med |
mkAdv |
Str -> Adv |
after verb, e.g. "idag" |
mkAdV |
Str -> AdV |
close to verb, e.g. "altid" |
mkAdA |
Str -> AdA |
modify adjective, e.g. "meget" |
mkV |
(snakke : Str) -> V |
regular verb |
mkV |
(leve,levde : Str) -> V |
also give past tense |
mkV |
(drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -> V |
theme of irregular verb |
mkV |
(spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -> V |
worst case |
mkV |
V -> Str -> V |
particle verb, e.g. lukke + op |
vaereV |
V -> V |
force auxiliary "være" |
depV |
V -> V |
deponent, e.g. "undres" |
reflV |
V -> V |
reflexive, e.g. "forestille sig" |
mkV2 |
V -> V2 |
direct object |
mkV2 |
V -> Prep -> V2 |
prepositional object |
mkV3 |
V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 |
snakke, med, om |
dirV3 |
V -> Prep -> V3 |
give,_,til |
dirdirV3 |
V -> V3 |
give,_,_ |
mkVS |
V -> VS |
- |
mkV2S |
V -> Prep -> V2S |
- |
mkVV |
V -> VV |
- |
mkV2V |
V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V |
- |
mkVA |
V -> VA |
- |
mkV2A |
V -> Prep -> V2A |
- |
mkVQ |
V -> VQ |
- |
mkV2Q |
V -> Prep -> V2Q |
- |
Paradigms for Dutch
source ../../src/dutch/ParadigmsDut.gf
| Function | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
de |
Gender | non-neutrum |
het |
Gender | neutrum |
nominative |
Case | nominative of nouns |
genitive |
Case | genitive of nouns |
mkN |
(bank : Str) -> N |
de bank-banken, with some predictable exceptions |
mkN |
(bit : Str) -> Gender -> N |
if gender is not predictable |
mkN |
(gat, gaten : Str) -> Gender -> N |
worst-case for nouns |
mkN |
(werk, plaats : N) -> N |
compound werkplaats |
mkN |
(station, hal : N) -> Case -> N |
compound stationshal |
mkN2 |
N -> N2 |
relational noun with preposition van |
mkN2 |
N -> Prep -> N2 |
other preposition than van |
mkN3 |
N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 |
e.g. afstand + van + naar |
mkPN |
Str -> PN |
proper name |
mkPN |
N -> PN |
proper name from noun |